『マライ編年史』の代名詞 : KWICにもとづく比較研究

要旨

The SM is the first and the finest Malay literary work ofthe early 17th century. The author is not known, but is saidto be not only a pundit but literary artist by virtue of its flowingand elegant style. Of the variant texts that have been published,the Abdullah text is considered the "standard" one.This paper attempts to clarify the use and the system of thepronouns found in the SM mainly on the basis of the Abdullahtext which is re-arranged in the form of KWIC at the NationalMuseum of Ethnology. The grand total of KWIC is 6054 items.Contrary to Brown's impression [1970: xiii], that in theSM there is no uniformity in the use of the pronouns for the firstand second persons, it is shown in this paper that the use ofpronouns is consistent, though the language of the work containsa greater variety of personal pronouns, including diverted kinterms, than modern Malaysian and Indonesian.The proper use of the speaker sahaya "by a person of lowrank to one of high rank" and aku "vice versa", the form ofpolite address to either man or woman tuan, the third personis "nominative case", and dia "oblique case", etc., is not strictlyobserved at the present time. There were also kin terms endingin -nda used for both "term of address" and "term of reference"which are scarcely encounterd today.Winstedt erred in saying that the ending -nda means"honorific" [1972: 111], because there is also the use of thespeaker: senda (sahaya+-nda). This -nda form should be definedas "polite suffix" indicating reverence and humility.A primary factor in characterizing Malayan polite expressionsis that they depend not only on the human relationshipbut on the context of the utterance. Therefore, if the situationrequires, a parent is able to call or refer to his own child with thepolite form, putera "son" or puteri "daughter" rather than theneutral anak.The serial adverbs of place such as sini, situ and sana, derivedfrom the demonstratives ini, itu (and unattested *ana), aregenerally said to be equivalent to the personal pronouns aku;sahaya, engkau; tuan and ia; dia respectively, contrasting with here,there and over there in English or ko-, so- and a- in Japanese.But unlike English or Japanese, Malay is assigned to the speakerhearertype [吉田 1981], that is, sini means "near the speaker",situ "near the hearer" and sana "far from both". In the SMsitu occurs only once. This fact reveals that the literary styleof the SM is not narrative, but descriptive.