Nominalization and Adjectivization by Japanese Suffixes: -sa, -sei, -na, and -teki

要旨

This paper discusses the suffixation of the nominalization suffixes -sa and -sei, and the adjectivization suffixes -na and -teki.The examples we examine are shown below.(1) Nominalizing suffix -sa: zyuunan-sa 'flexibility', sinsetu-sa 'kindness', odayaka-sa 'calmness', kyuuto-sa 'cuteness' (2) Nominalizing suffix -sei: keikaku-sei 'plannability', zyuunan-sei 'flexibility', fuhen-sei 'universality', anzen-sei 'safty' (3) Adjectivizing suffix -na: zyuunan-na 'flexible', sinsetu-na 'kind', odayaka-na 'calm', kyuuto-na 'cute' (4) Adjectivizing suffix -teki: keikaku-teki 'planned', sekkyoku-teki 'active', fuhen-teki 'universal' As indicated in (1)-( 4), -sa and -sei are nominalizing suffixes, and -na and -teki are adjectivizing suffixes.Each of these suffixes has different systems of suffixation as follows.(5)-sa nominalization -sei nominalization a. sinsetu-sa *sinsetu-sei 'kindness' b. odayaka-sa *odayaka-sei 'calmness' c. kyuuto-sa *kyuuto-sei 'cuteness' d. zyuunan-sa zyuunan-sei 'flexibility' e. anzen-sa anzen-sei 'safety' f. *keikaku-sa keikaku-sei 'plannability' g. *fuhen-sa fuhen-sei 'universality'(5) shows the suffixation of -sa and -sei.As shown in ( 5), the suffix -sa can attach to the roots in (5a-e), whereas it cannot attach to the roots in (5f-g).Also, -sei can attach to the roots in (5d-g), but it cannot attach to the roots in (5a-c).() -na adjectivization -teki adjectivization a. zyuunan-na *zyuunan-teki 'flexible' b. sinsetu-na *sinsetu-teki 'kind' c. odayaka-na *odayaka-teki 'calm' d. kyuuto-na *kyuuto-teki 'cute' e. *keikaku-na keikaku-teki 'planned' f. *sekkyoku-na sekkyoku-teki 'active' g. *fuhen-na fuhen-teki 'universal' (6) shows the suffixation of -na and -teki.As shown in (6), -na can attach to the roots in (6a-d), but it cannot attach to the roots in (6e-g).On the other hand, -teki can attach to the roots which -na cannot attach to, and it cannot attach to the roots which -na can attach to.Moreover, as in (7), -na suffixation can takes place in the base containing -teki.(7) keikaku-teki-na 'planned', sekkyoku-teki-na 'active', fuhen-teki-na 'universal' 'freshness' *sinsen-sei c. zyoobu-sa 'strongness' *zyoobu-sei d. majime-sa 'seriousness' *majime-sei e. *ningen-sa ningen-sei 'humanity' f. *shakai-sa shakai-sei 'sociality' g. *iden-sa iden-sei 'hereditary' h.*kyakkan-sa kyakkan-sei 'objectivity' i. *kinzoku-sa kinzoku-sei 'metallicity' From (12), we can observe that if the -sa nominalization takes place, the -sei nominalization cannot take place, and if the -sei nominalization take place, the -sa nominalization cannot take place.(13) a. zyuunnan-na 'flexible' *zyuunan-teki b. sinsetu-na 'kind' *sinsetu-teki c. sinsen-na 'fresh' *sinsen-teki d. zyoobu-na 'strong' *jyoobu-teki e. majime-na 'serious' *majime-teki f. *ningen-na ningen-teki 'human-like' g. *shakai-na shakai-teki 'social' h.*katei-na katei-teki 'homely'Similarly, in (13), if -na adjectivizations take place, -teki adjectivizations cannot take place, and if -teki nominalizations take place, -na nominalizations cannot take place. 2 According to the section 2 above, -sei and -teki can attach only to the SJ roots, whereas -sa and -na can attach to the NJ roots and the FL roots as well as the SJ roots.Thus, the suffixations of -sei and -teki are more specific than the suffixations of -sa and -na.Also, once -sei or -teki suffixation is allowed, -sa or -na suffixation is not allowed, although -sa and -na can attach to the SJ roots.Therefore, it is possible to say that the suffixations of the SJ suffixes -sei and -teki block the suffixation of the NJ suffixes -sa and -na. 3

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