Negotiating Language in the Opening of Japan : Luo Sen's Journal of Perry's 1854 Expedition

要旨

In the negotiations between the United States and Japan that resulted in the treaty that marked the end of Japan's policy of seclusion ( 1854), not only the Japanese and English languages but also Chinese and Dutch were recognized for official communications.The chief U.S. interpreter, S. Wells Williams, had long experience in China and expertise in the Chinese language but not in Japanese.For preparation of written documents and participation in "brush conversations," he required the assistance of an educated Chinese

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